The Story Behind This Sofa
The quickest way to tell hand carving from machine work is to look at repeated elements and check whether they are identical. On a router-cut or moulded frame, every acanthus leaf on the left arm is a mirror image of the right, exactly. On this sofa they are not - they are cut to the same composition by the same hand, so they read as a matched pair, but no two are identical when you look closely.
The second tell is undercutting. A machine cuts downward, so it cannot lift a leaf clear of the ground beneath it. A carver working by hand reaches in behind and undercuts, which is why light passes behind the scrollwork here and the frame throws real shadow rather than looking like a pattern pressed into a flat surface.
The third is the piercing. Cutting a frame right through weakens it, so every pierced rib has to be laid out along the grain before any waste is removed - a judgement made from reading the timber, not from a program.
The antique silver goes on last: leaf laid by hand, burnished, then darkened into the recesses and cut back at the edges.